Advanced Nutrition Backed By Over 100 Studies

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Advanced Nutrition Backed By Over 100 Studies

See the science

The Gut Biome and Your Health

Supported by Science

Human Food Bar’s ability to support your metabolic health, gut health, and overall wellness is validated by over 100 clinical studies. We did the research so you don’t have to.

Weight loss

43 studies have shown the beneficial effects of prebiotic fiber and resistant starch for weight management.

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Gut health

25 studies have shown the beneficial effects of prebiotic fiber and resistant starch for the gut biome.

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Blood sugar

30 studies have shown the beneficial effects of prebiotic fiber and resistant starch for blood sugar management.

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Cholesterol

10 studies have shown the beneficial effects of prebiotic fiber and resistant starch for managing cholesterol.

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Weight Management Support (43 studies)

  1. Cocoa and unripe banana flour beverages improve anthropometric and biochemical markers in overweight women: A randomised double-blind study. de Oliveira Lomeu FLR, Vieira CR, Lucia FD, Veiga SMOM, Martino HSD, Silva RR. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2021 Jun;91(3-4):325-334. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000637. Epub 2020 Feb 5. PMID: 32019434 Clinical Trial.
  2. Beneficial effects of green banana biomass consumption in patients with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial. Costa ES, França CN, Fonseca FAH, Kato JT, Bianco HT, Freitas TT, Fonseca HAR, Figueiredo Neto AM, Izar MC. Br J Nutr. 2019 Jun;121(12):1365-1375. doi: 10.1017/S0007114519000576. Epub 2019 Mar 19. PMID: 30887937 Clinical Trial.
  3. Effects of Acute Ingestion of Native Banana Starch on Glycemic Response Evaluated by Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Obese and Lean Subjects. Jiménez-Domínguez G, Ble-Castillo JL, Aparicio-Trápala MA, Juárez-Rojop IE, Tovilla-Zárate CA, Ble-Castillo DJ, García-Vázquez C, Olvera-Hernández V, Pérez-Pimienta B, Diaz-Zagoya JC, Mendez JD. Int J Environ Res Public Health
  4. Effects of native banana starch supplementation on body weight and insulin sensitivity in obese type 2 diabetics. Ble-Castillo JL, Aparicio-Trápala MA, Francisco-Luria MU, Córdova-Uscanga R, Rodríguez-Hernández A, Méndez JD, Díaz-Zagoya JC. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010 May;7(5):1953-62. doi: 10.3390/ijerph7051953. Epub 2010 Apr 28. PMID: 20623003 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  5. Nondigestible Carbohydrates Affect Metabolic Health and Gut Microbiota in Overweight Adults after Weight Loss. Johnstone AM, Kelly J, Ryan S, Romero-Gonzalez R, McKinnon H, Fyfe C, Naslund E, Lopez- Nicolas R, Bosscher D, Bonnema A, Frontela-Saseta C, Ros-Berruezo G, Horgan G, Ze X, Harrold J, Halford J, Gratz SW, Duncan SH, Shirazi-Beechey S, Flint HJ. J Nutr. 2020 Jul 1;150(7):1859-1870. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxaa124. PMID: 32510158 Clinical Trial.
  6. Metabolic phenotypes and the gut microbiota in response to dietary resistant starch type 2 in normal-weight subjects: a randomized crossover trial. Zhang L, Ouyang Y, Li H, Shen L, Ni Y, Fang Q, Wu G, Qian L, Xiao Y, Zhang J, Yin P, Panagiotou G, Xu G, Ye J, Jia W. Sci Rep. 2019 Mar 20;9(1):4736. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38216-9. PMID: 30894560 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  7. Acute Effect of Resistant Starch on Food Intake, Appetite and Satiety in Overweight/Obese Males. Al-Mana NM, Robertson MD. Nutrients. 2018 Dec 15;10(12):1993. doi: 10.3390/nu10121993. PMID: 30558330 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  8. Acute increases in serum colonic short-chain fatty acids elicited by inulin do not increase GLP-1 or PYY responses but may reduce ghrelin in lean and overweight humans. Rahat-Rozenbloom S, Fernandes J, Cheng J, Wolever TMS. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017 Aug;71(8):953-958. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.249. Epub 2016 Dec 14. PMID: 27966574 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  9. Resistant starch lowers postprandial glucose and leptin in overweight adults consuming a moderate-to-high-fat diet: a randomized-controlled trial. Maziarz MP, Preisendanz S, Juma S, Imrhan V, Prasad C, Vijayagopal P. Nutr J. 2017 Feb 21;16(1):14. doi: 10.1186/s12937-017-0235-8. PMID: 28222742 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  10. The acute effects of inulin and resistant starch on postprandial serum short-chain fatty acids and second-meal glycemic response in lean and overweight humans. Rahat-Rozenbloom S, Fernandes J, Cheng J, Gloor GB, Wolever TM. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017 Feb;71(2):227-233. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.248. Epub 2016 Dec 14. PMID: 27966565 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  11. Diets high in resistant starch increase plasma levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide, a gut microbiome metabolite associated with CVD risk. Bergeron N, Williams PT, Lamendella R, Faghihnia N, Grube A, Li X, Wang Z, Knight R, Jansson JK, Hazen SL, Krauss RM. Br J Nutr. 2016 Dec;116(12):2020-2029. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516004165. Epub 2016 Dec 20. PMID: 27993177 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  12. Effects of thermo-resistant non-starch polysaccharide degrading multi-enzyme on growth performance, meat quality, relative weights of body organs and blood profile in broiler chickens. Mohammadi Gheisar M, Hosseindoust A, Kim IH. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2016 Jun;100(3):499-505. doi: 10.1111/jpn.12387. Epub 2015 Sep 3. PMID: 26334023 Clinical Trial.
  13. Effects of total fibre or resistant starch-rich diets within lifestyle intervention in obese prediabetic adults. Dodevska MS, Sobajic SS, Djordjevic PB, Dimitrijevic-Sreckovic VS, Spasojevic- Kalimanovska VV, Djordjevic BI. Eur J Nutr. 2016 Feb;55(1):127-37. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-0831-3. Epub 2015 Jan 15. PMID: 25588971 Clinical Trial.

  14. The Therapeutic Potential of Resistant Starch in Modulation of Insulin Resistance, Endotoxemia, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Biomarkers in Women with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Karimi P, Farhangi MA, Sarmadi B, Gargari BP, Zare Javid A, Pouraghaei M, Dehghan P. Ann Nutr Metab. 2016;68(2):85-93. doi: 10.1159/000441683. Epub 2015 Dec 12. PMID: 26655398 Clinical Trial.

  15. Obesity, Aspirin, and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Carriers of Hereditary Colorectal Cancer: A Prospective Investigation in the CAPP2 Study. Movahedi M, Bishop DT, Macrae F, Mecklin JP, Moeslein G, Olschwang S, Eccles D, Evans DG, Maher ER, Bertario L, Bisgaard ML, Dunlop MG, Ho JW, Hodgson SV, Lindblom A, Lubinski J, Morrison PJ, Murday V, Ramesar RS, Side L, Scott RJ, Thomas HJ, Vasen HF, Burn J, Mathers JC. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Nov 1;33(31):3591-7. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2014.58.9952. Epub 2015 Aug 17. PMID: 26282643 Clinical Trial.
  16. Resistant starch and protein intake enhances fat oxidation and feelings of fullness in lean and overweight/obese women. Gentile CL, Ward E, Holst JJ, Astrup A, Ormsbee MJ, Connelly S, Arciero PJ. Nutr J. 2015 Oct 29;14:113. doi: 10.1186/s12937-015-0104-2. PMID: 26514213 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  17. Efficacy of a novel prebiotic and a commercial probiotic in reducing mortality and production losses due to cold stress and Escherichia coli challenge of broiler chicks. Huff GR, Huff WE, Rath NC, El-Gohary FA, Zhou ZY, Shini S. Poult Sci. 2015 May;94(5):918-26. doi: 10.3382/ps/pev068. Epub 2015 Mar 5. PMID: 25743418 Clinical Trial.
  18. The effects of whole grain high-amylose maize flour as a source of resistant starch on blood glucose, satiety, and food intake in young men. Luhovyy BL, Mollard RC, Yurchenko S, Nunez MF, Berengut S, Liu TT, Smith CE, Pelkman CL, Anderson GH. J Food Sci. 2014 Dec;79(12):H2550-6. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.12690. Epub 2014 Nov 11. PMID: 25388622 Clinical Trial.
  19. Impact of diet and individual variation on intestinal microbiota composition and fermentation products in obese men Salonen A, Lahti L, Salojärvi J, Holtrop G, Korpela K, Duncan SH, Date P, Farquharson F, Johnstone AM, Lobley GE, Louis P, Flint HJ, de Vos WM. ISME J. 2014 Nov;8(11):2218-30. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2014.63. Epub 2014 Apr 24. PMID: 24763370 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  20. Impact of short term consumption of diets high in either non-starch polysaccharides or resistant starch in comparison with moderate weight loss on indices of insulin sensitivity in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Lobley GE, Holtrop G, Bremner DM, Calder AG, Milne E, Johnstone AM. Nutrients. 2013 Jun 10;5(6):2144-72. doi: 10.3390/nu5062144. PMID: 23752495 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  21. Resistant starch from high-amylose maize increases insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese men. Maki KC, Pelkman CL, Finocchiaro ET, Kelley KM, Lawless AL, Schild AL, Rains J Nutr. 2012 Apr;142(4):717-23. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.152975. Epub 2012 Feb 22. PMID: 22357745 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  22. Dietary fibre improves first-phase insulin secretion in overweight individuals. Bodinham CL, Smith L, Wright J, Frost GS, Robertson MD. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40834. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040834. Epub 2012 Jul 16. PMID: 22815837 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  23. Influence of different levels and sources of resistant starch on faecal quality of dogs of various body sizes. Goudez R, Weber M, Biourge V, Nguyen P.  Br J Nutr. 2011 Oct;106 Suppl 1:S211-5. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511003345. PMID: 22005431 Clinical Trial.
  24. Fecal butyrate levels vary widely among individuals but are usually increased by a diet high in resistant starch. McOrist AL, Miller RB, Bird AR, Keogh JB, Noakes M, Topping DL, Conlon MA. J Nutr. 2011 May;141(5):883-9. doi: 10.3945/jn.110.128504. Epub 2011 Mar 23. PMID: 21430242 Clinical Trial.
  25. Resistant starch improves insulin sensitivity in metabolic syndrome. Johnston KL, Thomas EL, Bell JD, Frost GS, Robertson MD. Diabet Med. 2010 Apr;27(4):391-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.02923.x. PMID: 20536509 Clinical Trial.
  26. Effects of resistant starch on laxation in healthy adults. Maki KC, Sanders LM, Reeves MS, Kaden VN, Rains TM, Cartwright Y. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2009;60 Suppl 4:296-305. doi: 10.1080/09637480903130538. PMID: 19688627 Clinical Trial.
  27. Resistant starch supplementation influences blood lipid concentrations and glucose control in overweight subjects. Park OJ, Kang NE, Chang MJ, Kim WK. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2004 Apr;50(2):93-9. PMID: 15242012 Clinical Trial.
  28. Breath-hydrogen production and amylose content of the diet. Behall KM, Howe JC. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Jun;65(6):1783-9. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/65.6.1783. PMID: 9174473 Clinical Trial.
  29. Neither raw nor retrograded resistant starch lowers fasting serum cholesterol concentrations in healthy normolipidemic subjects. Heijnen ML, van Amelsvoort JM, Deurenberg P, Beynen AC Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Sep;64(3):312-8. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/64.3.312. PMID: 8780339 Clinical Trial.
  30. The effects of pre-exercise starch ingestion on endurance performance. Goodpaster BH, Costill DL, Fink WJ, Trappe TA, Jozsi AC, Starling RD, Trappe SW. Int J Sports Med. 1996 Jul;17(5):366-72. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-972862. PMID: 8858409 Clinical Trial.
  31. The effect of raw potato starch on energy expenditure and substrate oxidation. Tagliabue A, Raben A, Heijnen ML, Deurenberg P, Pasquali E, Astrup A. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 May;61(5):1070-5. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/61.4.1070. PMID: 7733031 Clinical Trial.
  32. Type-4 Resistant Starch in Substitution for Available Carbohydrate Reduces Postprandial Glycemic Response and Hunger in Acute, Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Study. Stewart ML, Wilcox ML, Bell M, Buggia MA, Maki KC. Nutrients. 2018 Jan 26;10(2):129. doi: 10.3390/nu10020129. PMID: 29373530 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  33. Effect of resistant wheat starch on subjective appetite and food intake in healthy adults. Emilien CH, Hsu WH, Hollis JH. Nutrition. 2017 Nov-Dec;43-44:69-74. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.06.020. Epub 2017 Jul 6. PMID: 28935147 Clinical Trial.
  34. Acute Effect of Resistant Starch on Food Intake, Appetite and Satiety in Overweight/Obese Males. Al-Mana NM, Robertson MD. Nutrients. 2018 Dec 15;10(12):1993. doi: 10.3390/nu10121993. PMID: 30558330 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  35. Resistant starch lowers postprandial glucose and leptin in overweight adults consuming a moderate-to-high-fat diet: a randomized-controlled trial. Maziarz MP, Preisendanz S, Juma S, Imrhan V, Prasad C, Vijayagopal P. Nutr J. 2017 Feb 21;16(1):14. doi: 10.1186/s12937-017-0235-8. PMID: 28222742 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  36. Including dietary fiber and resistant starch to increase satiety and reduce aggression in gestating sows. Sapkota A, Marchant-Forde JN, Richert BT, Lay DC. J Anim Sci. 2016 May;94(5):2117-27. doi: 10.2527/jas.2015-0013. PMID: 27285708 Clinical Trial.
  37. Resistant starch and protein intake enhances fat oxidation and feelings of fullness in lean and overweight/obese women. Gentile CL, Ward E, Holst JJ, Astrup A, Ormsbee MJ, Connelly S, Arciero PJ. Nutr J. 2015 Oct 29;14:113. doi: 10.1186/s12937-015-0104-2. PMID: 26514213 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.

  38. High Amylose White Rice Reduces Post-Prandial Glycemic Response but Not Appetite in Humans. Zenel AM, Stewart ML. Nutrients. 2015 Jul 2;7(7):5362-74. doi: 10.3390/nu7075225. PMID: 26147654 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.

  39. Blood glucose, satiety, and food intake in young men. Luhovyy BL, Mollard RC, Yurchenko S, Nunez MF, Berengut S, Liu TT, Smith CE, Pelkman CL, Anderson GH. J Food Sci. 2014 Dec;79(12):H2550-6. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.12690. Epub 2014 Nov 11. PMID: 25388622 Clinical Trial.

  40. Satiety effects of a whole-grain fiber composite ingredient: reduced food intake and appetite ratings. Harrold J, Breslin L, Walsh J, Halford J, Pelkman C. Food Funct. 2014 Oct;5(10):2574-81. doi: 10.1039/c4fo00253a. Epub 2014 Aug 20. PMID: 25138661 Clinical Trial.

  41. On the possibility to affect the course of glycaemia, insulin, and perceived hunger/satiety to bread meals in healthy volunteers. Ekström LM, Björck IM, Ostman EM. Food Funct. 2013 Apr 25;4(4):522-9. doi: 10.1039/c2fo30251a. Epub 2013 Jan 21. PMID: 23334658 Clinical Trial.

  42. Resistant starch and pullulan reduce postprandial glucose, insulin, and GLP-1, but have no effect on satiety in healthy humans. Klosterbuer AS, Thomas W, Slavin JL. J Agric Food Chem. 2012 Dec 5;60(48):11928-34. doi: 10.1021/jf303083r. Epub 2012 Nov 20. PMID: 23136915 Clinical Trial.

  43. Soluble fiber dextrin enhances the satiating power of beverages. Monsivais P, Carter BE, Christiansen M, Perrigue MM, Drewnowski A. Appetite. 2011 Feb;56(1):9-14. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.10.010. Epub 2010 Nov 4. PMID: 21056069 Clinical Trial.

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Gut Biome Support (25 studies)

 

  1. Effect of Unripe Banana Flour on Gut-Derived Uremic Toxins in Individuals Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial. de Andrade LS, Sardá FAH, Pereira NBF, Teixeira RR, Rodrigues SD, de Lima JD, Dalboni MA, Aoike DT, Nakao LS, Cuppari L. Nutrients. 2021 Feb 17;13(2):646. doi: 10.3390/nu13020646. PMID: 33671166 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  2. Microbial Interventions to Control and Reduce Blood Pressure in Australia (MICRoBIA): rationale and design of a double-blinded randomised cross-over placebo controlled trial Rhys-Jones D, Climie RE, Gill PA, Jama HA, Head GA, Gibson PR, Kaye DM, Muir JG, Marques FZ. Trials. 2021 Jul 27;22(1):496. doi: 10.1186/s13063-021-05468-2. PMID: 34315522 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  3. Resistant Starch Type 2 from Wheat Reduces Postprandial Glycemic Response with Concurrent Alterations in Gut Microbiota Composition. Hughes RL, Horn WH, Finnegan P, Newman JW, Marco ML, Keim NL, Kable ME. Nutrients. 2021 Feb 17;13(2):645. doi: 10.3390/nu13020645. PMID: 33671147 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  4. Nondigestible Carbohydrates Affect Metabolic Health and Gut Microbiota in Overweight Adults after Weight Loss Johnstone AM, Kelly J, Ryan S, Romero-Gonzalez R, McKinnon H, Fyfe C, Naslund E, Lopez- Nicolas R, Bosscher D, Bonnema A, Frontela-Saseta C, Ros-Berruezo G, Horgan G, Ze X, Harrold J, Halford J, Gratz SW, Duncan SH, Shirazi-Beechey S, Flint HJ. J Nutr. 2020 Jul 1;150(7):1859-1870. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxaa124. PMID: 32510158 Clinical Trial.
  5. Resistant starch supplementation effects on plasma indole 3-acetic acid and aryl hydrocarbon receptor mRNA expression in hemodialysis patients: Randomized, double blind and controlled clinical trial. Azevedo R, Esgalhado M, Kemp JA, Regis B, Cardozo LF, Nakao LS, Brito JS, Mafra D. J Bras Nefrol. 2020 Jul-Sep;42(3):273-279. doi: 10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2020-0003. PMID: 32459282 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  6. Resistant starch type-2 enriched cookies modulate uremic toxins and inflammation in hemodialysis patients: a randomized, double-blind, crossover and placebo-controlled trial. Esgalhado M, Kemp JA, Paiva BR, Brito JS, Cardozo LFMF, Azevedo R, Cunha DB, Nakao LS, Mafra D. Food Funct. 2020 Mar 26;11(3):2617-2625. doi: 10.1039/c9fo02939g.
  7. Precision Microbiome Modulation with Discrete Dietary Fiber Structures Directs Short- Chain Fatty Acid Production. Deehan EC, Yang C, Perez-Muñoz ME, Nguyen NK, Cheng CC, Triador L, Zhang Z, Bakal JA, Walter J. Cell Host Microbe. 2020 Mar 11;27(3):389-404.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.01.006. Epub 2020 Jan 30. PMID: 32004499 Clinical Trial.
  8. Resistant starch supplementation attenuates inflammation in hemodialysis patients: a pilot study. de Paiva BR, Esgalhado M, Borges NA, Kemp JA, Alves G, Leite PEC, Macedo R, Cardozo LFMF, de Brito JS, Mafra D. Int Urol Nephrol. 2020 Mar;52(3):549-555. doi: 10.1007/s11255-020-02392-3. Epub 2020 Feb 1. PMID: 32008198 Clinical Trial.
  9. Effect of Native and Acetylated Dietary Resistant Starches on Intestinal Fermentative Capacity of Normal and Stunted Children in Southern India. Balamurugan R, Pugazhendhi S, Balachander GM, Dharmalingam T, Mortimer EK, Gopalsamy GL, Woodman RJ, Meng R, Alpers DH, Manary M, Binder HJ, Brown IL, Young GP, Ramakrishna BS. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Oct 15;16(20):3922. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16203922. PMID: 31618992 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  10. A phase 2 randomized controlled trial of oral resistant starch supplements in the prevention of acute radiation proctitis in patients treated for cervical cancer. Sasidharan BK, Ramadass B, Viswanathan PN, Samuel P, Gowri M, Pugazhendhi S, Ramakrishna BS. J Cancer Res Ther. 2019 Oct-Dec;15(6):1383-1391. doi: 10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_152_19. PMID: 31898677 Clinical Trial.
  11. Amylose resistant starch (HAM-RS2) supplementation increases the proportion of Faecalibacterium bacteria in end-stage renal disease patients: Microbial analysis from a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Laffin MR, Tayebi Khosroshahi H, Park H, Laffin LJ, Madsen K, Kafil HS, Abedi B, Shiralizadeh S, Vaziri ND. Hemodial Int. 2019 Jul;23(3):343-347. doi: 10.1111/hdi.12753. Epub 2019 Mar 29. PMID: 30924310 Clinical Trial.
  12. Metabolic phenotypes and the gut microbiota in response to dietary resistant starch type 2 in normal-weight subjects: a randomized crossover trial. Zhang L, Ouyang Y, Li H, Shen L, Ni Y, Fang Q, Wu G, Qian L, Xiao Y, Zhang J, Yin P, Panagiotou G, Xu G, Ye J, Jia W. Sci Rep. 2019 Mar 20;9(1):4736. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38216-9. PMID: 30894560 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  13. Acute stressor alters inter-species microbial competition for resistant starch-supplemented medium. Pantoja-Feliciano IG, Soares JW, Doherty LA, Karl JP, McClung HL, Armstrong NJ, Branck TA, Arcidiacono S. Gut Microbes. 2019;10(4):439-446. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1554962. Epub 2018 Dec 22. PMID: 31309868 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  14. Could resistant starch supplementation improve inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers and uremic toxins levels in hemodialysis patients? A pilot randomized controlled trial. Esgalhado M , Kemp JA , Azevedo R , Paiva BR , Stockler-Pinto MB , Dolenga CJ , Borges NA , Nakao LS , Mafra D . Food Funct. 2018 Dec 13;9(12):6508-6516. doi: 10.1039/c8fo01876f. PMID: 30468238 Clinical Trial
  15. Metagenomic Insights into the Degradation of Resistant Starch by Human Gut Microbiota. Vital M, Howe A, Bergeron N, Krauss RM, Jansson JK, Tiedje JM. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2018 Nov 15;84(23):e01562-18. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01562-18. Print 2018 Dec 1. PMID: 30266729 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  16. A randomized trial to determine the impact of a digestion resistant starch composition on the gut microbiome in older and mid-age adults. Alfa MJ, Strang D, Tappia PS, Graham M, Van Domselaar G, Forbes JD, Laminman V, Olson N, DeGagne P, Bray D, Murray BL, Dufault B, Lix LM. Clin Nutr. 2018 Jun;37(3):797-807. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.03.025. Epub 2017 Mar 31. PMID: 28410921 Clinical Trial.
  17. Role of resistant starch on diabetes risk factors in people with prediabetes: Design, Acute increases in serum colonic short-chain fatty acids elicited by inulin do not increase GLP-1 or PYY responses but may reduce ghrelin in lean and overweight humans. Rahat-Rozenbloom S, Fernandes J, Cheng J, Wolever TMS. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017 Aug;71(8):953-958. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.249. Epub 2016 Dec 14. PMID: 27966574 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  18. Acute increases in serum colonic short-chain fatty acids elicited by inulin do not increase GLP-1 or PYY responses but may reduce ghrelin in lean and overweight humans. (Rahat-Rozenbloom S, Fernandes J, Cheng J, Wolever TMS. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017 Aug;71(8):953-958. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.249. Epub 2016 Dec 14. PMID: 27966574 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  19. Diets high in resistant starch increase plasma levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide, a microbiome metabolite associated with CVD risk. (Bergeron N, Williams PT, Lamendella R, Faghihnia N, Grube A, Li X, Wang Z, Knight R, Jansson JK, Hazen SL, Krauss RM. Br J Nutr. 2016 Dec;116(12):2020-2029. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516004165. Epub 2016 Dec 20.
  20. Effects of Arabinoxylan and Resistant Starch on Intestinal Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomised Crossover Study. Hald S, Schioldan AG, Moore ME, Dige A, Lærke HN, Agnholt J, Bach Knudsen KE, Hermansen K, Marco ML, Gregersen S, Dahlerup JF. PLoS One. 2016 Jul 19;11(7):e0159223. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159223. eCollection 2016.
  21. Increased gut hormones and insulin sensitivity index following a 3-d intervention with a barley kernel-based product: a randomised cross-over study in healthy middle-aged subjects. (Nilsson AC, Johansson-Boll EV, Björck IM. Br J Nutr. 2015 Sep 28;114(6):899-907. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515002524. Epub 2015 Aug 11.
  22. Butyrylated starch intake can prevent red meat-induced O6-methyl-2-deoxyguanosine adducts in human rectal tissue: a randomised clinical trial. Le Leu RK, Winter JM, Christophersen CT, Young GP, Humphreys KJ, Hu Y, Gratz SW, Miller RB, Topping DL, Bird AR, Conlon MA. Br J Nutr. 2015 Sep 28;114(6):899-907. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515002524. Epub 2015 Aug 11. PMID: 26259632 Clinical Trial.
  23. Impact of diet and individual variation on intestinal microbiota composition and fermentation products in obese men. Salonen A, Lahti L, Salojärvi J, Holtrop G, Korpela K, Duncan SH, Date P, Farquharson F, Johnstone AM, Lobley GE, Louis P, Flint HJ, de Vos WM. ISME J. 2014 Nov;8(11):2218-30. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2014.63. Epub 2014 Apr 24. PMID: 24763370 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  24. Resistant starches types 2 and 4 have differential effects on the composition of the fecal microbiota in human subjects. Martínez I, Kim J, Duffy PR, Schlegel VL, Walter J. PLoS One. 2010 Nov 29;5(11):e15046. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015046. PMID: 21151493 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  25. Short-chain fatty acids and commensal microbiota in the faeces of severely malnourished children with cholera rehydrated with three different carbohydrates. Monira S, Hoq MM, Chowdhury AK, Suau A, Magne F, Endtz HP, Alam M, Rahman M, Pochart P, Desjeux JF, Alam NH. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010 Oct;64(10):1116-24. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.123. Epub 2010 Aug 4. PMID: 20683462 Clinical Trial.

  26. A human volunteer study to assess the impact of confectionery sweeteners on the gut microbiota composition. Beards E, Tuohy K, Gibson G. Br J Nutr. 2010 Sep;104(5):701-8. doi: 10.1017/S0007114510001078. Epub 2010 Apr 7. PMID: 20370946 Clinical Trial.

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Blood Sugar Support (30 studies)

    1. Replacement of digestible by resistant starch lowers diet-induced thermogenesis in healthy men. Heijnen ML, Deurenberg P, van Amelsvoort JM, Beynen AC. Br J Nutr. 1995 Mar;73(3):423-32. doi: 10.1079/bjn19950044. PMID: 7766565 Clinical Trial.
    2. Effects of resistant starch on insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Zhang WQ, Wang HW, Zhang YM, Yang YX. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2007 Mar;41(2):101-4. PMID: 17605234 Clinical Trial. Chinese.
    3. Insulin-sensitizing effects of dietary resistant starch and effects on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue metabolism. Robertson MD, Bickerton AS, Dennis AL, Vidal H, Frayn KN. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Sep;82(3):559-67. doi: 10.1093/ajcn.82.3.559. PMID: 16155268 Clinical Trial.
    4. Effects of dietary propionate on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in healthy volunteers. Venter CS, Vorster HH, Cummings JH. Am J Gastroenterol. 1990 May;85(5):549-53. PMID: 2159696 Clinical Trial.
    5. Intestinal transport and fermentation of resistant starch evaluated by the hydrogen breath test. Olesen M, Rumessen JJ, Gudmand-Høyer E. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1994 Oct;48(10):692-701. PMID: 7835324 Clinical Trial.
    6. Resistant starch: the effect on postprandial glycemia, hormonal response, and satiety. Raben A, Tagliabue A, Christensen NJ, Madsen J, Holst JJ, Astrup A. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 Oct;60(4):544-51. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/60.4.544. PMID: 8092089 Clinical Trial.
    7. Physiological effects of resistant starches on fecal bulk, short chain fatty acids, blood lipids and glycemic index. Jenkins DJ, Vuksan V, Kendall CW, Würsch P, Jeffcoat R, Waring S, Mehling CC, Vidgen E, Augustin LS, Wong E. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998 Dec;17(6):609-16. doi: 10.1080/07315724.1998.10718810. PMID: 9853541 Clinical Trial.
    8. Acute effect of fructose on postprandial lipaemia in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Abraha A, Humphreys SM, Clark ML, Matthews DR, Frayn KN. Br J Nutr. 1998 Aug;80(2):169-75. PMID: 9828758 Clinical Trial.
    9. Glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to natural foods, frozen foods and their laboratory equivalents. Kanan W, Bijlani RL, Sachdeva U, Mahapatra SC, Shah P, Karmarkar MG. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1998 Jan;42(1):81-9. PMID: 9513797 Clinical Trial.
    10. The influence of starch structure on glycogen resynthesis and subsequent cycling performance. Jozsi AC, Trappe TA, Starling RD, Goodpaster B, Trappe SW, Fink WJ, Costill DL. Int J Sports Med. 1996 Jul;17(5):373-8. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-972863. PMID: 8858410 Clinical Trial.
    11. The effects of pre-exercise starch ingestion on endurance performance. Goodpaster BH, Costill DL, Fink WJ, Trappe TA, Jozsi AC, Starling RD, Trappe SW. Int J Sports Med. 1996 Jul;17(5):366-72. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-972862. PMID: 8858409 Clinical Trial.
    12. Effect of bread containing resistant starch on postprandial blood glucose levels in humans. Yamada Y, Hosoya S, Nishimura S, Tanaka T, Kajimoto Y, Nishimura A, Kajimoto O. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2005 Mar;69(3):559-66. doi: 10.1271/bbb.69.559. PMID: 15784985 Clinical Trial.
    13. Resistant starch supplementation influences blood lipid concentrations and glucose control in overweight subjects. Park OJ, Kang NE, Chang MJ, Kim WK. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2004 Apr;50(2):93-9. PMID: 15242012 Clinical Trial.

    14. Dietary fibre, resistant starch and in vitro starch digestibility of cereal meals. Glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in NIDDM patients. Lintas C, Cappelloni M, Bonmassar L, Clementi A, Del Toma E, Ceccarelli G. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995 Oct;49 Suppl 3:S264-7. PMID: 8549543 Clinical Trial. No abstract available.

    15. Sourdough fermentation or addition of organic acids or corresponding salts to bread improves nutritional properties of starch in healthy humans. Liljeberg HG, Lönner CH, Björck IM. J Nutr. 1995 Jun;125(6):1503-11. doi: 10.1093/jn/125.6.1503. PMID: 7782904 Clinical Trial
    16. Effect of the glycemic index and content of indigestible carbohydrates of cereal-based breakfast meals on glucose tolerance at lunch in healthy subjects. Liljeberg HG, Akerberg AK, Björck IM. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Apr;69(4):647-55. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/69.4.647. PMID: 10197565 Clinical Trial.
    17. Resistant starch and pullulan reduce postprandial glucose, insulin, and GLP-1, but have no effect on satiety in healthy humans. Klosterbuer AS, Thomas W, Slavin JL. J Agric Food Chem. 2012 Dec 5;60(48):11928-34. doi: 10.1021/jf303083r. Epub 2012 Nov 20. PMID: 23136915 Clinical Trial.
    18. Function with reduction of postprandial blood glucose and oxidative stress in patients with prediabetes or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Kwak JH, Paik JK, Kim HI, Kim OY, Shin DY, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Lee JH. Atherosclerosis. 2012 Oct;224(2):457-64. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.08.003. Epub 2012 Aug 27. PMID: 22954674 Clinical Trial.
    19.  The effect of yellow pea protein and fiber on short-term food intake, subjective appetite and glycemic response in healthy young men. Smith CE, Mollard RC, Luhovyy BL, Anderson GH. Br J Nutr. 2012 Aug;108 Suppl 1:S74-80. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512000700. PMID: 22916818 Clinical Trial.
    20. Dietary fiber improves first-phase insulin secretion in overweight individuals. Bodinham CL, Smith L, Wright J, Frost GS, Robertson MD. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40834. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040834. Epub 2012 Jul 16. PMID: 22815837 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
    21. African Americans may have to consume more than 12 grams a day of resistant starch to lower their risk for type 2 diabetes. Penn-Marshall M, Holtzman GI, Barbeau WE. J Med Food. 2010 Aug;13(4):999-1004. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2009.0195. PMID: 20482275 Clinical Trial.
    22. Resistant starch improves insulin sensitivity in metabolic syndrome. Johnston KL, Thomas EL, Bell JD, Frost GS, Robertson MD. Diabet Med. 2010 Apr;27(4):391-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.02923.x. PMID: 20536509 Clinical Trial.
    23. Glycemic response, subjective appetite, and short-term food intake in young men. Anderson GH, Cho CE, Akhavan T, Mollard RC, Luhovyy BL, Finocchiaro ET. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Apr;91(4):932-9. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28443. Epub 2010 Feb 17. PMID: 20164321 Clinical Trial.
    24. Postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to GM-resistant starch-enriched rice and the production of fermentation-related H2 in healthy Chinese adults. Li M, Piao JH, Tian Y, Li WD, Li KJ, Yang XG. Br J Nutr. 2010 Apr;103(7):1029-34. doi: 10.1017/S0007114509992820. Epub 2009 Nov 24. PMID: 19930763 Clinical Trial.
    25. Dietary amylose and amylopectin ratio and resistant starch content affects plasma glucose, lactic acid, hormone levels and protein synthesis in splanchnic tissues. Deng J, Wu X, Bin S, Li TJ, Huang R, Liu Z, Liu Y, Ruan Z, Deng Z, Hou Y, Yin YL.J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2010 Apr;94(2):220-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1439- 0396.2008.00902.x. Epub 2009 Jan 13. PMID: 19175452 Clinical Trial.
    26. Acute ingestion of resistant starch reduces food intake in healthy adults. Bodinham CL, Frost GS, Robertson MD. Br J Nutr. 2010 Mar;103(6):917-22. doi: 10.1017/S0007114509992534. Epub 2009 Oct 27. PMID: 19857367 Clinical Trial.
    27. The effects of whole grain high-amylose maize flour as a source of resistant starch on blood glucose, satiety, and food intake in young men. Luhovyy BL, Mollard RC, Yurchenko S, Nunez MF, Berengut S, Liu TT, Smith CE, Pelkman CL, Anderson GH. J Food Sci. 2014 Dec;79(12):H2550-6. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.12690. Epub 2014 Nov 11. PMID: 25388622 Clinical Trial.
    28. Resistant starch type 4-enriched diet lowered blood cholesterols and improved body composition in a double blind controlled cross-over intervention. Nichenametla SN, Weidauer LA, Wey HE, Beare TM, Specker BL, Dey M. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2014 Jun;58(6):1365-9. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201300829. Epub 2014 Jan 30. PMID: 24478107 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
    29. Grain sorghum muffin reduces glucose and insulin responses in men. Poquette NM, Gu X, Lee SO. Food Funct. 2014 May;5(5):894-9. doi: 10.1039/c3fo60432b. PMID: 24608948 Clinical Trial.
    30. Endogenous plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 following acute dietary fiber consumption. Bodinham CL, Al-Mana NM, Smith L, Robertson MD. Br J Nutr. 2013 Oct;110(8):1429-33. doi: 10.1017/S0007114513000731. Epub 2013 Mar 18. PMID: 23507477 Clinical Trial.
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Cholesterol Management Support (10 studies)

  1. The Role of Gut Microbiota on Cholesterol Metabolism in Atherosclerosis. Vourakis M, Mayer G, Rousseau G. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jul 28;22(15):8074. doi: 10.3390/ijms22158074. PMID: 34360839 Free PMC article.
  2. Meta-analysis indicates that resistant starch lowers serum total cholesterol and low-density cholesterol H C Yuan 1 , Y Meng 2 , H Bai 3 , D Q Shen 4 , B C Wan 5 , L Y Chen 6 PMID: 29914662 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.02.008
  3. Effect of the prebiotic fiber inulin on cholesterol metabolism in wildtype mice. Mistry RH, Gu F, Schols HA, Verkade HJ, Tietge UJF.Sci Rep. 2018 Sep 5;8(1):13238. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31698-7.PMID: 30185894 Free PMC article.
  4. Prebiotic fiber modulation of the gut microbiota improves risk factors for obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Parnell JA, Reimer RA.Gut Microbes. 2012 Jan-Feb;3(1):29-34. doi: 10.4161/gmic.19246.PMID: 22555633 Free PMC article.
  5. Kudzu Resistant Starch: An Effective Regulator of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Song X, Dong H, Zang Z, Wu W, Zhu W, Zhang H, Guan Y.Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021 Oct 13;2021:4448048. doi: 10.1155/2021/4448048. eCollection 2021.PMID: 34691353 Free PMC article.
  6. The influence of enzyme-resistant starch on cholesterol metabolism in rats fed on a conventional diet. VAnhoof K, De Schrijver R.Br J Nutr. 1998 Aug;80(2):193-8.PMID: 9828761
  7. Fermentation of resistant rice starch produces propionate reducing serum and hepatic cholesterol in rats. Cheng HH, Lai MH.J Nutr. 2000 Aug;130(8):1991-5. doi: 10.1093/jn/130.8.1991.PMID: 10917913
  8. The potential cholesterol-lowering and prebiotic effects of bamboo shoot dietary fibers and their structural characteristics. Wu W, Hu J, Gao H, Chen H, Fang X, Mu H, Han Y, Liu R.Food Chem. 2020 Dec 1;332:127372. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127372. Epub 2020 Jun 20.PMID: 32615381
  9. Inulin Supplementation Disturbs Hepatic Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism Independent from Housing Temperature.
    Pauly MJ, Rohde JK, John C, Evangelakos I, Koop AC, Pertzborn P, Tödter K, Scheja L, Heeren J, Worthmann A.Nutrients. 2020 Oct 20;12(10):3200. doi: 10.3390/nu12103200.PMID: 33092056 Free PMC article.
  10. Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary pomegranate extract and inulin in mice fed an obesogenic diet.
    Yang J, Zhang S, Henning SM, Lee R, Hsu M, Grojean E, Pisegna R, Ly A, Heber D, Li Z.J Nutr Biochem. 2018 Feb;52:62-69. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.10.003. Epub 2017 Oct 16.PMID: 29172112
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